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What is a Pilgrimage?
Pilgrimages - journeys to sacred places for religious motives - are as old as civilization. Since the earliest times, such journeys have been made as acts of devotion, penance, or thanksgiving or in search of blessings or miracles. The concept crosses all ideological boundaries. In the ancient Near East, a portion of the harvest was carried to shrines to be offered to the gods in gratitude and homage. Muslim law prescribes a pilgrimage to Mecca, the birth place of Muhammad, for all who are able to undertake the journey. For Hindus, a pilgrimage to Varansi (Banares), to bathe in the sacred waters of Ganges, is considered an obligation.
Christian pilgrims, from early in the second century, traveled great distances to venerate places in the Holy Land sanctified by the presence of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, or the Apostles. The number of pilgrimages increased greatly in the fourth century, after Emperor Constantine I converted to Christianity and legalized the faith throughout the Roman Empire. He and his mother, Helena, were themselves the most influential of pilgrims. The historian Eusebius of Caesarea attributed to Constantine the discovery of Christ’s tomb, the Holy Sepulcher; other accounts credit his mother with finding the True Cross.
Word of the discoveries spread, spurring the pilgrimage movement. Although travel was always difficult and often perilous, by the end of the fourth century pilgrimages to the Holy Land were relatively common.
Rome, as it became the center of the Christian faith, became a frequent pilgrimage destination, as did Greece and Egypt, where the faithful could follow the footsteps of the Apostles.
How does a Pilgrimage differ from a regular Travel Tour?
A Pilgrimage differs from a tour in several important ways. It is a personal invitation from God/dess, comprised of His offer and dependent upon the pilgrim's acceptance. God/dess' call may vary but the purpose remains consistent: It is an individual summons to know God/dess more fully. A pilgrimage is a spiritual journey to which the pilgrim joyfully responds "yes" to God/dess' invitation.
Although in previous centuries many trials were intrinsic to a pilgrimage, the modern pilgrim has an abundance of affordable travel options, yet the purpose remains unchanged. It is a journey to a holy, sacred place to usher the pilgrim into the presence of God/dess.
The pilgrim must embark on this journey with joyful anticipation, willingness to temporarily separate him or herself from the world and to offer him or herself in humble service to one another. A successful pilgrimage involves a commitment to leave behind one's problems and to focus instead on seeking to learn more about our heavenly Father/Mother. Also, a pilgrimage involves making one's heart full of desire for special graces, praises, petitions, thanksgiving, returning home transformed, renewed and restored by the abundant blessings received. A pilgrimage is a time of prayer and to witness the miraculous signposts God/dess has left for our return to Him/Her. Ask God/dess to bless you with a heart that will be receptive to the treasure chest of graces He/She desires to shower upon your pilgrimage. The success of your spiritual journey will depend upon your openness, faith, flexibility, and love.
Experiential Learning and AVE! PilgrimagesThere are two types of learning: cognitive and experiential. The former corresponds to academic knowledge such as learning vocabulary or multiplication tables and the latter refers to applied knowledge such as learning about engines in order to repair a car. The key to the distinction is that experiential learning addresses the needs and wants of the learner via: personal involvement, self-initiated, evaluated by learner, and pervasive effects on learner. Experiential learning is equivalent to personal change and growth. All human beings have a natural propensity to learn; the role of the teacher is to facilitate such learning. This includes: (1) setting a positive climate for learning, (2) clarifying the purposes of the learner(s), (3) organizing and making available learning resources, (4) balancing intellectual and emotional components of learning, and (5) sharing feelings and thoughts with learners. Experiential Learning is facilitated when: (1) the student participates completely in the learning process and has control over its nature and direction, (2) it is primarily based upon direct confrontation with practical, social, personal or research problems, and (3) self-evaluation is the principal method of assessing progress or success, i.e., the importance of learning to learn and an openness to change. Example: A person interested in becoming rich might seek out books or classes on ecomomics, investment, great financiers, banking, etc. Such an individual would perceive (and learn) any information provided on this subject in a much different fashion than a person who is assigned a reading or class. Principles: 1. Significant learning takes place when the subject matter is relevant to the personal interests of the student. 2. Learning which is threatening to the self (e.g., new attitudes or perspectives) are more easily assimilated when external threats are at a minimum. 3. Learning proceeds faster when the threat to the self is low. 4. Self-initiated learning is the most lasting and pervasive.
Using the above principles in AVE! Pilgrimages ...
Time is ART!
Sharing Your Experience ...
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What is an AVE MARIA! Pilgrimage?
There are many differences between a traditional pilgrimage and an AVE MARIA! Pilgrimage. An AVE MARIA! Pilgrimage is focused on the Mother in Nature, and therefore, on our global retreats and pilgrimages, the Mother is present in all aspects of her Divinity and reveals herself to each participant by following the "myths and legends" on a journey of scientific discovery ... like researching and searching for the truth of the Holy Grail!
In Search of the Holy Grail ... THE GODDESS IN THE MIDDLE AGES:
In the year 1208, Pope Innocent III (one of the most inappropriately named popes in history) unleashed the full might of a most horrendous and brutal crusade against a sect of devout Christians living in the Languedoc, an area on the French side of the Pyrenees. the Cathars were purposely made out to be near-crazy dualists and wiped out through fire and preaching because they really felt they were the true Christians, the true bearers of the Christian message of a Christ who was a lot more human than the establishment found comfortable. Traditionally, Mary Magdalene is said to have arrived at a village which has been called from memory out of time, St. Magdalene-sur-le-Mer, on the Provence seaside, where this arrival is celebrated every year in a festival.
The Magdalene was highly revered in France. Before Joan of Arc, the Magdalene was the patron saint of France. She brought Christianity to then Gaul with her disciples. In the South of France, in the Languedoc area, there was a Duchy called Septamania. It was a matriarchy which welcomed artists and writers of all kinds. Women were held in high esteem and the area was always run by the Duchess of Septamania. On famous Duchess was Duoda (c.806/11-aft.843). Her husband, Bernard, Duke of Septimania (c.802-844) was nearly always in Paris serving in the court of Louis I. He was in charge of the Finances for Louis's government. Dhuoda of Septimania was very famous for writing a Handbook for William: A Carolingian Woman's Counsel for Her Son.
This was a moral guide for her 15 year-old son whom Bernard sent court after Bernard fell out of favor with Charles, Louis' son. In it she writes a moral code which includes treatment of women as well as how to behave in Court. It is considered the handbook used by Eleanor of Aquitaine, her decendent, to beget the Court of Love that she was famous for in the later 12th century. There are many who believe that this line was decended from Magdalene. If it wasn't, it at least followed a reverence to her memory and her legacy that was unparalleled anywhere else in European Christianity. While the leaders of this area adhered to the Roman Pope, it welcomed all comers of all religions. The only turmoil was when the Muslims welcomed by the Duchesses of the area originally joined the invading Moors to try to take over this area. Jews were especially welcome, it appears and flourished in this area until the Albigensian Crusades which killed all occupants - the crusade motto was "Kill 'em all and let God sort them." Romantic love, in its origins as courtly love, was conceived as a spiritual discipline. The cult of courtly love had it roots in the religion of the Cathars. Believers called themselves Cathars, meaning "pure". By the twelfth century entire towns and provinces in the south of France practiced Catharism. Many of the nobility in the courts of Europe were Cathars. In France the movement was called the Albigensian heresy because the movement centered in the city of Albi in France. One of their basic beliefs was that "true love" was not the ordinary love between husband and wife but rather the adoration of the feminine mediator between God and man. She waited in the sky to welcome the pure with a holy kiss and lead him or her into the Realm of Light. Cathars believed that the love of a man for a woman should be an earthly allegory of their love for the Queen of Heaven.
this is a continuation of the Judaic teachings on the Matronit.The Matronit is an aspect of Shekinah, the Sacred Feminine. She is the Queen of the Sabbath and Sacred Union rituals are done in Her honor every Sabbath within Orthodox Jewish homes. The tools of traditional Shabbat - the wine, the kiddush cup, the candles, the covered eyes, the spice box, the braided candle, the songs. She represents Compassion and Justice like Guvurah on the Tree of Life. Shekinah is the link between the Divine and the human. It is she who we see in visions and call it the Virgin Mary, if we are Catholic, but the Jews call her by name. She is Mother Zion to Jeremiah. The Gnostics call her "the Daughter of God." She is also called Malkuth, the Supernal Woman and the Discarded Cornerstone. There is a story in the Zohar where the Matronit is abused by evil and Lilith takes her place as the Consort of JHVH. In this passage, JHVH is stripped of His power because He has lost his Matronit. Thus the importance of She to the Godhead.
Many Christians saw Cartharism as a reform movement, a reaction against the corruption and politics within the religious hierarchy. The Cathars practices an exemplary morality and offered an experience of God that was at once personal, individual, and lyrical. They returned the feminine to religion.
The teachings and Ideals of the Cathars reappeared in the cult of courtly love, in songs and poems of the troubador and in the "romances". The ideal of courtly love swept through the feudal courts of medieval Europe and began a revolution the attitudes toward the feminine values of devotion and the pursuit of beauty. This revolution matured into what we call romanticism.
Within this court, the story of Lancelot and Guinevere was born. It has been attributed to Chrètien de Troyes but many think that Eleanor's daughter by Louis, Marie of France who had left her husband to set up shop writing in her mother's court may have actually penned the work. Basically, courtly love was the first celebration of an emotional relationship between a man and a woman. never before in Europe had the female been so highly prized within society. The women were equal for the first time since the Aryan attacks on the Sumerian Matriarchal communities of the 3000s BC. In 1174, after Eleanor supported an uprising by her sons against their father, Henry came into Poitier and took her back to England. There he locked her in a tower for a decade until he deemed her as not dangerous any more. In 1189, Henry died and Richard, who was a favorite in Eleanor's court of love, became King of England but left it to John to run while he ran off to crusade against Salladin. After Richard's death, Phillip, now King of France, tried to strip John of Eleanor and Henry's lands in France. Eleanor, who had retired to Fontevrault, came out of the convent and led an army against Phillip and won. She finally died in 1204, but the legends about her court of love never did.
But who were the Cathars? The Medieval sect from the Languedoc region of France, now more commonly known as the French Pyrénées, and the Albigensian Crusade that was mounted against them. In 1208, the Pope, the ironically named Innocent III, unleashed this brutal crusade, under the command of Simon de Montfort, against the districts of Toulouse, Albi and the surrounding region, because of their support for those known as the Cathars. These poor preachers had given up their worldly goods to deliver the message of Christ, by word and by example, through an austere lifestyle. Today we would regard them as devout religious extremists, then they burned them, in large numbers!
These Cathars had a huge following. The spiritual leaders were known asParfaits and lived a life of chastity and purity. Though historically known as the Good Men, there is little doubt that the Cathars, with their general rejection of genderism, would today prefer the term 'Good People', or as they were commonly known, the 'Good Christians'. Women occupied priestly roles alongside the men, taking the words of Christ as their absolute guiding principle. They were simple, humble and much respected by their communities - yet they were burned alive as heretics.
On Mary Magdalene's feast day they entered Mary,s church and killed her priest before all the people; They then proceeded to kill all the town's people.
The magnitude of the "heresy" can be guessed when we learn that after two years of the most brutal carnage the Albigensians were still so strong that, when the Pope renewed the "crusade" in 1214, a fresh hundred thousand "pilgrims" had to be summoned. Pope Innocent III boasts that they took five hundred towns and castles from the heretics, and they generally butchered every man, woman and child in a town when they took it. Noble ladies with their daughters were thrown down wells, and large stones flung upon them. Knights were hanged in batches of eighty. When, at the first large town, soldiers asked how they could distinguish between heretics and orthodox, the Cistercian abbot thundered: "Kill them all, God will know his own," and they put to the sword the forty thousand surviving men, women and children.
This was the begining of the inquisiton; they then proceeded to kill thousands of men, women, and children, stealing all the wealth of southern france. They proceeded further to kill any troubador, or singer of romantic love. They rewrote history to cover their murderous crime; blaming the Carthari of a heresy that they themselves promoted; that is Manachee dualism, Which the Cathari did not preach or believe. A certain rich dynasty in southern France known as the 'Magorvian Kings' promoted a heresy of 'The Holy Blood' claiming to be direct descendents of Jesus and Mary Magdalene; it was this heresy that was their fatal mistake. And it is this particular heresy that lead to the destruction of the Albigenses culture.
What is true is that the Cathari, believed themselves to be the descendents of Mary's church, the Jewish Christian church, and that Jesus was indeed married. Actions speak loader than words, and the Cathari' actions were good; Indeed they had a reputation of being the 'best christians'. Their daughters as well as their sons recieved an education. The daughters were able to own lands and recieve an inheritence. It is a fact that there were many landowning, prominent and noble women among the Cathari. The mother of St. Francis was a Cathari. At the time of the Cathari southern France was experincing great prosperity and an advancing civilization. The actions of the Troubadors were good, they sang of love and wrote poetry. They were the hearld of what became great in the writings of Shakespere.
The Pope at this time was reputed to be a great coveter of of land and power; and at no other time has a pope owned more land. A twelfh century artist portayed this pope as the devil himself. The wealth plundered from the Cathari was enormous. The inquisition destroyed thousand of artifacts and writings; And lasted in various forms for 500 years; killing millions. However, many refused to give up Christ's Bride and Mary as Goddess; This is why Mary told St. Dominic that only the Rosary could stop the bloodshed. It was at this time that marraige was done away with in the Roman Priesthood. Though The Roman church claimed to honor Mary; they maintained the lie of who promoted the heresy of Manachian duality; They spoke against the Carthari veiws on romantic love and they told their own preist that celebicy was the will of God.
The Knights Templar are one of the best-known military Crusading orders of the Middle Ages. The Order of the Temple was founded in 1118 with the initial aim of protecting pilgrims going to and from Jerusalem, but many believe they were in all probability also searching for hidden treasures under the long destroyed Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem, the place where the Order was originally installed. The Order, (ostensibly) founded in 1118 by nobleman Hugues de Payens, was the first of a number of Military Monastic Orders that flourished during the Crusade years. The word "Templar" derives from the full official name of the order, "The poor knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon." Originally promoted as the protectors Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem, they were known as fierce warriors with tremendous military prowess.
In a very short time after their inception, the Knights Templar became very popular. They were exempted from taxation, and had amassed great wealth and property by the 13th century. By this time, Jerusalem had fallen back into Muslim hands, and enthusiasm for crusades was waning. The Templars were now living quite well. They had tremendous political and financial influence (even instituting Europe's first banking system).
However, with no Crusades to justify their continued existence, they became to some a target of resentment. King Phillip of France, possibly with an eye toward gaining control of Templar finances, issued secret orders to have all of the Templars in France arrested on grounds of heresy and sorcery. Torture elicited confessions of various crimes and heresies from many of the Knights.
The Templars developed into one of the richest and most powerful organizations in the medieval world, and had a large network of preceptories and commanderies throughout Europe and the Middle East. They were the bankers to kings and originated our modern-day concept of a letter of credit, in addition to fighting in the Crusades and assisting pilgrims.
The Knights Templar were a military-religious order founded in the early 12th century to defend the kingdom the crusaders had carved out in the Holy Land. From modest beginnings, the order grew to wield immense political and financial power not only in the Holy Land, but also in Europe. Pope Clement V ordered its dissolution after a campaign to discredit the order which saw bogus confessions extracted by the use of often ferocious torture. Two years after the pope issued his decree, the last grand master of the Knights Templar was burned at the stake on an island in the Seine in front of Nôtre Dame cathedral. Jealousy and covetousness reigned. Phillip IV, who was deeply in dept to the Order, had seen their treasures stored in Paris, and designed to make it his own.
On Friday morning October 13th 1307 - and the reason for which Friday the 13th has become known as an unlucky day - King Phillip IV together with Avignonese Pope Clement V, ruthlessly suppressed the Order throughout Europe, with false accusations, arrests, torture and executions. (Timeline) Though they were offered communted sentences and comfortable lives if they would renounce their Order and plead guilty to the charges, for some mysterious reason, they preferred to remain true to their principles and received their punishment. A large number of Templars escaped that day to an uncertain future, and found refuge abroad. On the eve of the arrests, the entire Templar fleet mysteriously vanished from the port of La Rochelle carrying with it a vast fortune, the fate of which remains a mystery down to this day. After being driven out of the Holy Land as well as Europe, but still formidable at sea, the refugee Templars found sanctuary in Scotland, where Templar graves bear witness to them having lived and died there in the fourteenth century. King Robert the Bruce had no interest in persecuting the Order, in spite of a papal bull ordering him to do precisely that. To the contrary, he took advantage of their fugitive status, offering them asylum in return for their help in his war for independence against King Edward II of England. Templars have been suggested as the source of mounted soldiers who assisted Robert the Bruce's Scots Guard at the battle of Bannockburn, as the Scots did not have a mounted force. As the Scots Guard continued through the years, two of the prominent families involved in its history were the Sinclairs and the Stuarts.
Both families trace their lineage back to members of the Knights Templar, as well as to prominent figures of the New Testament. Hugues de Payns the first Grand Master of the Templars was married to a Sinclair. There is also evidence that the Templar fleet traveled to North America in 1398 (almost 100 years before Columbus) with the Sinclairs, and settled there at least temporarily. Connections are made between the tower ruins along the eastern coast of the United States, objects discovered in the Oak Island "Money Pit", and the Templar Order. The Sinclairs (or Saint-Clairs) castle near Edinburgh, was situated next to Rosslyn chapel, which was constructed by the Sinclairs according to the floorplan of Solomon's original temple. Engraved in the masonry around the chapel are maize and aloe plants, which grew only in North America. Throughout Scotland, as well as within Rosslyn Chapel, there are carvings and tombstones dating back to the 15th, 16th, and 17th century using combinations of Templar imagery (skull and crossbones, Templar swords, Templar crosses) and Masonic symbols (compass and square). The Stuart royal house became one of Freemasonry's biggest supporters during their reign of Scotland and England. Some also suggest that the rituals used in modern Freemasonry have their origins in the ancient texts discovered by the Templars in the ruins of Solomon's Temple while excavating to build their stables. Recent archaeological digs in the area have supported this theory by finding serveral Templar artifacts buried beneath the temple. In the 1950's, a scroll made entirely of copper was discovered in the caves near Qumran. When translated with the other "Dead Sea Scrolls", this "Copper Scroll", as it has become known, was identified as a treasure map listing various precious metals, religious artifacts, and writings supposedly buried beneath the temple in Jerusalem. Many of the ships carrying the Templar's funds were never found. While many escaped France, those who were captured went so without resistance. By March 22, 1312 a Papal decree dissolved the Order. Within the year Jacques de Molay and fellow Preceptor Geoffri de Charnay were put to death by Philippe's order. Some of those who had escaped lived on to form other orders like the Knights of Christ in Portugal, the Order of Calatreve in Spain, and the Order of St. John in Germany. No one has ever found the vast fortunes that the Templars were to have hidden.
Their insistence on the Bible being available to all believers in their own tongue was a very profound violation of the establishment's concern over its portrayal of Christ. The blood of Christ heresy can not be refuted from the Bible, and the fact that Jesus is spoken of as having brothers and sisters in that book, when his mother according to the new tradition remained virgin until death, was a real inconvenience. The secret purpose of the Templar Knights, believers in the heresy, had become the protection of the blood(line) of Christ, the Holy Grail, and their very existence thus became an embarrassment and they were also disbanded and exterminated. Troubadours’ Courtly Love poetry was declared heretical, and they were forced into changing their tune(s). The cult of the Virgin Mary provided a convenient and worthy substitute for the other Mary probably the object of the Religion of Love, a Mary who was said to have spent her life in the same region in which these heresies took root and flourished. The King and Pope decieved and ambushed the order of 'poor knights for Christ' known as the templar knights; killing them all and stealing their wealth.
"Avignon had been the seat of Pope Clement V - who had been crowned at Lyons in 1305 in the presence of King Philip of France...It also been Clement V who had order the arrest of the Templars throughout Christendom in 1307."
"There is evidence that he [Philip IV] began to plan his operation against the Templars about a year in advance of its implementation (i.e. in 1306) and there is also evidence that on several occasions during that year he discussed his plans with Pope Clement."
"King Philip the Fair of France developed a similar idea of making himself ruler of a vast Christian empire centered at Jerusalem. He also needed money. First he seized all the Jews in his kingdom and forced them to give up their futures by removing one of their eyes and threatening to remove the other." Then he moved against the Templars to seize their riches.
Historians over the years have debated whether or not there was any truth at all to the charges against the Templars. There is evidence of connections between the Knights and the Cathars, or Albigensians, a heretical Gnostic group which was the very first target of the inquisition. The Cathars were pious ascetics whose main offense to the Church seems to have been their acceptance of women as the spiritual equals of men. In a time when it was still a matter of debate whether women had souls, even the suggestion was beyond blasphemy. (The Templars, too, seemed to take a more positive view of women. Surviving records show many instances of women joining the Order, a practice which was discontinued by Papal order.) The Cathar’s last stand was in the mountain fortress of Montsegur. The Templars are rumored to have refused to participate in the fight, and may have assisted fleeing Cathars.
The actions of the Knights Templar were good, for they became the model of chivalry. The tales of brave romantic Knights were modeled after them.
The Order lasted for nearly two hundred years, before its suppression by both the French king and Pope Clement V - who issued the papal bull Vox in excelso on 22 March 1312 which finally suppressed the Order. The initial event was sudden and brutal - in the early hours of Friday, 13th October 1307, the French Templars were arrested by the officials of King Philip IV in the name of the Inquisition and their property was confiscated by royal representatives. This event also led to the arrest of Templars elsewhere, but the situation was most severe in France.
The Templars were then arrested, tortured, charged with serious heresies, and brought to trial. The confessions of "heresy" against the knights are questionable, since they are known to have been extracted by torture by the Inquisition. The leaders of the Templars finally came before the papal representatives in March 1314 and were sentenced to perpetual imprisonment. But Grand Master Jacques de Molay and Geoffroi de Charney, the Preceptor of Normandy, continued to protest their innocence and, that very evening, King Philip IV ordered that they be burned at the stake on an island in the Seine.
"When one considers how the Templars fought and died throughout the crusades it seems hard not to believe in their innocence...It is surely more than coincidence that the most strident accusations came from the heartlands of the Albigensian heresy.
Local brethren in these regions could well have turned isolated perceptories into Cathar cells during the previous century when the heresy was at its height, while the Order's bankers would have been quite capable of protecting fugitive heretics to obtain the Cathari treasure which disappeared just before their last stronghold fell in 1244.
Admittedly Catharism was almost extinct by 1307. But vague memories from years before of heresy hunts within the Order, kept secret to avoid scandal, may have been the origin of tales of devil worship, secret rites and sodomy which were all charges which had been made against the Cathari.
The story of the hunchback of notre dam (which means ''great lady'') hides the story of the inqusition inside of itself.. Many escaping Carthar were also Jewish, many became the Gypsy and this can be heard in their music style..
Another interesting connection between the two groups can be found in the Arthurian Grail romances where thinly disguised Templars are the Guardians of the Holy Grail. A fourteenth century painting underlines the hidden message of the Grail stories- it depicts the Grail knights kneeling before a glowing vision of the Goddess Venus:
However, their real threat to the King and Pope was that they to knew of the Jewish Christian church and of the marriage of Jesus to Mary.
THE MYSTERIES OF THE HOLY GRAIL UNEDITED DRAFT & COMPILED NOTES Psalm 23:5-6 " ..My cup runs over, Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life, and I shall dwell in the house of the Lord forever".
"-The cup itself from which our Lord Drank at the last sad supper with His own. This from the blessed land of Aromat, After the day of darkness, when the dead Went wandering over Moriah-the good saint, Arimathean Joseph, journeying, brought To Glastonbury, where the winter thorn Blossoms at Christmas, mindful of our Lord, And there awhile abode; and if a man Could touch or see it, he was healed at once, By faith, of all his ills. But then the times Grew to such evil that the holy cup Was caught away to Heaven, and disappeared." Tennyson THE GRAIL LEGEND~ Although medieval knights could act with savage cruelty and remain unmoved by scenes of carnage, they considered themselves at heart God-fearing men. They would feel no shame at being seen to weep at the sight of some holy shrine to which they had made a long pilgrimage. Religious legends exerted a potent influence on men in the Middle Ages, and cults attached to saints and relics were widespread throughout Europe.
No one doubted, for example, that Mary Magdalene had travelled, after the death of Christ, from the Holy Land to Provence in the south of France.
Medieval men also believed in the Holy Grail, which was for them both a physical entity and a mystical source of spiritual nourishment to be attained by only the purest of men.
The Grail was the cup used at the Last Supper, in which Joseph of Aramathia had caught Christ's blood during the Crucifixion. He is said to have sailed from the Holy Land bringing the Holy Grail with him. Some legends say he travelled only as far as Europe, but others tell how he sailed on to Britain. On landing there Joseph and his band of missionaries made their way to what is now Glastonbury Tor, which rises four hundred feet above the Mendip Hills in Somerset. Here Joseph rested, planting his hawthorn staff in the ground. The staff immediate sprouted white flowers. Joseph determined to stay there and found a church, and hid the Holy Grail in a place nearby.
In 1184 an ancient church built in this place was burnt down and during the re-building the monks discovered what they believed to be the graves of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere From this moment the legends of Arthur, the quest for the Ho1v Grad and Glastonbury were inextricably linked. Some believed Glastonbury to be none other than the Isle of Avalon ( the legendary burial place of King Arthur), for the land surrounding the Tor had once been marshland, though long since drained Further mystery arose when in 1345 Joseph's tomb was said to have been found at Glastonbury.
The ruins of the abbey may still be seen today. In its grounds the Glastonbury thon flourishes still. This strain of hawthorn flowers in winter: is it perhaps descended from Joseph's staff, Finally there is the Chalice Well, in the abbey grounds. This well is said never to have run dry and is thought by some to be the place where Joseph hid the Grail.
The Grail is usually imagined as a cup or chalice, specifically the cup used by Jesus Christ during the Last Supper (or used to catch his blood as it flowed on the cross). Legend has it that after Christ's death and resurrection, Joseph of Arimathea -- who had lent him his tomb for something under three days -- took this cup to Glastonbury in Somersetshire, England.
Glastonbury itself is the site of innumerable legends and fables connected not only with Joseph of Arimathea but with King Arthur and his knights; indeed it was said that the bones of Arthur and Guinevere were unearthed there in medieval times. While this may be mere fable, it's unquestionably true that Glastonbury functioned as the site of an abbey from the seventh century till 1536, when Henry VIII ordered the dissolution of all the monasteries in England. The Gothic ruins of Glastonbury Abbey can still be seen today, and the town remains a popular destination for pilgrims.
Of all Arthurian themes, the most romantic is. that of the Holy Grail. Yet because of the Grail's enduring tradition, there is a lingering uncertainty about its place in time. Its champions have been portrayed in the 1st century, in the Arthurian period, and in the Middle Ages. In essence, the Grail is timeless.
The great body of the Grail romances came into existence between the years 1180 and 1240. Most of these romances are in French.
When we come to examine the literary tradition concerning the Grail we notice at the outset that the Grail legend is closely connected with that of Perceval as well as that of King Arthur. Yet all these legends were originally independent of each other. The Perceval story may have a mythical origin, In all the versions that we have of it, it is a part of of the Arthurian legend, and, in almost all, it is furthermore connected with the Grail. The poem of Chritien, regarded by many as the oldest known Grail romance, tells of Perceval's visit to the Grail castle, where he sees a Graal borne in by a damsel. Its accompaniments are a bleeding lance and a silver plate. It is a precious vessel set with jewels, and so resplendent as to eclipse the lights of the hall. All the assembled knights show it reverence. Mindful of an injunction not to inquire too much, Perceval does not ask concerning the significance of what he sees, and thereby incurs guilt and reproach.
The story of the Holy Grail is unique. It is, for one thing, the most recent of all myths. While it draws for its sources upon ancient pagan as well as Christian motifs, the myth of the Holy Grail took shape in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Various forms of it appeared almost simultaneously in France, England, Wales, Germany, and other European countries, as though a vast underground life had suddenly broken through into the light. Its Christian content, its recent origin, and its source in the European soil make this legend particularly meaningful to the spiritual situation of modem Western man.
The Grail legacy is a relic of early Judaic Christianity, but the Christian Church has never recognized the fact. Despite a background that is both romantic and sacred.
Those who maintain the theory of a purely Christian origin regard the religious element in the story as fundamental and trace the leading motifs to Christian ideas and conceptions. It is derived from the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus, which is known to have had a great vogue in the twelfth century, paricularly in Britain.Joseph of Arimathea, according to the apocryphal Evangelium Nicodemi (Gospel of Nicodemus), was an early leader in the church.
It would seem that a legend so distinctively Christian would find favour with the Church. Yet this was not the case. Excepting Helinandus, clerical writers do not mention the Grail, and the Church ignored the legend completely. After all, the legend contained the elements of which the Church could not approve. Its sources are in apocryphal, not in canonical, scripture, and the claims of sanctity made for the Grail were refuted by their very extravagance. Moreover, the legend claimed for the Church in Britain an origin well nigh as illustrious as that of the Church of Rome, and independent of Rome. The church of Rome naturally saw the Celtic church as a threat.
The Holy Grail became likened to a vessel because it was said to carry the sacred blood of Jesus. But it was the Chalice (V) of Mary Magdalene which carried the Sangreal in utero. It was she who inspired the Doinpna (Great Lady) of the Troubadours, who were so callously treated by the Inquisition - and they called her the 'Grail of the World'.
In Parzival, it is said of the Grail Queen that 'she bore ... the perfection of earthly paradise, both roots and branches'. According to the New Testament Gospel of John 15:5, Jesus said, "am the vine, ye are the branches". Psalm 80:8 reads, 'Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt: thou hast cast out the heathen, and planted it.'
The Bible classifies the descendants of Israel as a 'vine', the line of Judah being described at some length as the Lord's cherished plant (Isaiah 5:7). Some medieval portrayals of Jesus show him in a wine-press, accompanied by the statement 'I am the true vine' (John 15:1). Some Grail emblems and watermarks depict a chalice containing clusters of grapes - the fruit and seeds of the vine.
But who were the Cathars? The Medieval sect from the Languedoc region of France, now more commonly known as the French Pyrénées, and the Albigensian Crusade that was mounted against them. In 1208, the Pope, the ironically named Innocent III, unleashed this brutal crusade, under the command of Simon de Montfort, against the districts of Toulouse, Albi and the surrounding region, because of their support for those known as the Cathars. These poor preachers had given up their worldly goods to deliver the message of Christ, by word and by example, through an austere lifestyle. Today we would regard them as devout religious extremists, then they burned them, in large numbers!
These Cathars had a huge following. The spiritual leaders were known asParfaits and lived a life of chastity and purity. Though historically known as the Good Men, there is little doubt that the Cathars, with their general rejection of genderism, would today prefer the term 'Good People', or as they were commonly known, the 'Good Christians'. Women occupied priestly roles alongside the men, taking the words of Christ as their absolute guiding principle. They were simple, humble and much respected by their communities - yet they were burned alive as heretics.
On Mary Magdalene's feast day they entered Mary,s church and killed her priest before all the people; They then proceeded to kill all the town's people.
The magnitude of the "heresy" can be guessed when we learn that after two years of the most brutal carnage the Albigensians were still so strong that, when the Pope renewed the "crusade" in 1214, a fresh hundred thousand "pilgrims" had to be summoned. Pope Innocent III boasts that they took five hundred towns and castles from the heretics, and they generally butchered every man, woman and child in a town when they took it. Noble ladies with their daughters were thrown down wells, and large stones flung upon them. Knights were hanged in batches of eighty. When, at the first large town, soldiers asked how they could distinguish between heretics and orthodox, the Cistercian abbot thundered: "Kill them all, God will know his own," and they put to the sword the forty thousand surviving men, women and children.
This was the begining of the inquisiton; they then proceeded to kill thousands of men, women, and children, stealing all the wealth of southern france. They proceeded further to kill any troubador, or singer of romantic love. They rewrote history to cover their murderous crime; blaming the Carthari of a heresy that they themselves promoted; that is Manachee dualism, Which the Cathari did not preach or believe. A certain rich dynasty in southern France known as the 'Magorvian Kings' promoted a heresy of 'The Holy Blood' claiming to be direct descendents of Jesus and Mary Magdalene; it was this heresy that was their fatal mistake. And it is this particular heresy that lead to the destruction of the Albigenses cultre. What is true is that the Cathari, believed themselves to be the descendents of Mary's church, the Jewish Christian church, and that Jesus was indeed married. Actions speak loader than words, and the Cathari' actions were good; Indeed they had a reputation of being the 'best christians'. Their daughters as well as their sons recieved an education. The daughters were able to own lands and recieve an inheritence. It is a fact that there were many landowning, prominent and noble women among the Cathari. The mother of St. Francis was a Cathari.
At the time of the Cathari southern France was experincing great prosperity and an advancing civilization. The actions of the Troubadors were good, they sang of love and wrote poetry. They were the hearld of what became great in the writings of Shakespere. The pope at this time was reputed to be a great coveter of of land and power; and at no other time has a pope owned more land. A twelfh century artist portayed this pope as the devil himself. The wealth plundered from the Cathari was enormous. The inquisition destroyed thousand of artifacts and writings; And lasted in various forms for 500 years; killing millions. However, many refused to give up Christ's Bride and Mary as Goddess; This is why Mary told St. Dominic that only the Rosary could stop the bloodshed. It was at this time that marraige was done away with in the Roman Priesthood. Though The Roman church claimed to honor Mary; they maintained the lie of who promoted the heresy of Manachian duality; They spoke against the Carthari veiws on romantic love and they told their own preist that celebicy was the will of God. There is a certain murkiness to this story, perhaps as a result of trying to tell the important part (for those with ears to hear) and still stay within certain defined limits that would allow the Roman Church to ignore the tale. Things had changed by 1200. A powerful Pope, Innocent III, had regained the upper hand in his struggles with the Holy Roman Empire and began to turn his attention to unifying the whole world under his spiritual rule. By the grace of God, of course. And this led directly to the most disgraceful incidents in the history of the Roman Church. The Fourth Crusade and the Crusade against the Cathars were waged against fellow Christians. The Fourth Crusade ended with the sack of Constantinople. The Crusaders, tricked by those crafty and godless Venetians, fell upon the first city of Christendom and plundered and sacked with a vengence. The Knights Templars found the shroud, whose adoration would produce charges of idol worship eventually resulting in their downfall. Innocent III rejoiced in the "unification of the Church." But not quite.
A resurgence of a gnostic heresy in the south of France threatened to become the majority religion and Innocent responded in the manner he knew best: call out the troops. The extermination of heretics in the south of France would continue for half a century, long after Innocent III went to his just rewards in whatever afterlife he actually believed in. Why exterminate the Cathars, or the Perfecti as they called themselves. Why not also attack the Celtic Church which was also active at the same time? It boils down to a question of legitimacy. If Rome was afraid to open the question of the Celtic Church, it was because of the nagging suspicion that the Celtic Church had the greater claim to legitimacy and could just possibly prove it. There were connections between the Perfecti and the Celtic Church. By concentrating on the Perfecti, heresy could be severely rebuked as an object lesson that would force at least superficial adherence to Rome. The Cathars became scapegoats for the whole underground current of Celtic/Grail/Gnostic Christian survivals. It seems to have worked. For by 1220, around the time the first wave of anti-cathar crusading was winding down, Grail Romances were falling out of favor. Other than Malory, whose rendition of Walter de Mapp's 1220 Queste de Saint Greal has become our story book Grail, there is only the "Elucidation" of Chretien by an anonymous author. This is a half hearted attempt to give another explanation for all these mystical goings on. It is unsuccessful and is often not included in the Grail texts. Like all great and essentially timeless ideas, the Grail is a product of a specific time and place, a specific and exact set of enabling conditions that allowed the emergence of this seminal myth. To understand the Grail, we must look first to history:
Elenor of Aquitaine was in many ways the most remarkable woman of the middle ages. Indeed, she was perhaps one of the most amazing women of all time. Outright sovereign of Aquitaine, the richest and fairest province of France, she was married very young to the King of France. The saintly Louis seems never to have known quite what to do with this powerful, beautiful and headstrong woman. Elenor started the fashion of the Court of Love, which flourished throughout Europe and reached its peak at the turn of the thirteenth century. Elenor's daughter, Marie de Champagne, inherited her mother's love of Provencal troubadours and all the other trappings of the cult of courtly love. Elenor and her court accompainied Louis the Young on his expedition to the Holy Land, known as the disasterous and ineffectual Second Crusade. Elenor returned from crusading and soon embarked on the great royal romance of the period. Henry Plantagenet, Henry II of England, swept her off her feet. He married her with the aid of large bribes and good friends in Rome. Their children included two of the most renowned and infamous characters in the long panorama of English history: Richard the Lion-Hearted and King John, the signer of the Magna Carta. With illustrious siblings as these, it is easy to lose track of a simple princess, no matter what her literary tastes.
Marie de Champagne deserves a better niche in history if only for her encouragement of poetry. She brought to her court the greatest storyteller of the age, Chretien de Troyes. Through Chretien the undercurrents of the Grail mythos surfaced into literature.
These thirty years, from roughly 1185 to 1215, marked, in many ways, the nadir of medieval Christianity. The papal squabbles of the mid-century, along with the general sense of discouragment after the failure of the Second Crusade, created a religious vacuum, into which more "heretical" forms of Christianity stepped. These heresies took root so quickly because of the contrast they presented with the church of Rome. These priests lived with and cared about their flock. It was common for prelates in Rome to spent their whole tenure in absentee, and the lower clergy was often as venal and corrupt as the local landowner.
The decline of the church was given an extra push in the 1160's and 70's by the wide circulation of Abelairdian rationalism. Abelaird, best remembered today for his romance with his pupil Heloise, discussed the superstitions of the church with such clear-headedness that many intellectuals agreed that change was necessary, even essential.
If the second crusade has been disaapointing, then the fall of Jerusalem in the autumn of 1187 was devastating. It was seen as a sign of God's disfavor. A crusade was proclaimed, joined by such personages as the Kings of Germany, France and England. Frederick Barbarrossa died along the way and even though Elenor's golden child, Richard I of England, pursued the crusade with all the force of his fiery personality, Jerusalem remained in the hands of the infidels.
Richard, Heart-of-the-Lion, was something of a troubadour himself and gave his own stamp of approval to the new mode of romance. He seemed to literally embody the Matter of Britain and its chivalric traditions. We can be sure that the new poetry of the grail accompanied the crusaders because Richard's nephew, Marie's son, Henry of Champagne was elected King of Jerusalem. It is tempting to envisage the poet Gautier de Danans chanting his continuation of Chretien's masterwork in the great hall of Acre, with Richard and his Queens, his sister Johanna and his wife Berengaria, nodding their approval.
In 1191, the whole of the Arthurian tradition was verified by the monks of Glastonbury. Staking their claim as the "Vale of Avalon," the good monks disinterred the body of a Bronze Age chieftain and his queen. The bodies were supposedly marked with a cross identifying them and King Arthur and Guinevere.
Naturally, this created an international sensation, and along with it, an appetite for stories about Arthur, his knights and their adventures in search of the Grail. There were several good reasons for this sudden discovery. First and foremost stands the political reason. The Plantagenet conquest of Wales was still quite recent and the nationalist guerrillas, to give them a modern appellation, believed that Arthur, rex quondum et futurum, the once and future king would rise from his rocky tomb in Gwenydd and ride to battle against the invaders. It was politically sound to produce Arthur's body, safely buried on English soil.
But, looking closer, there is something very interesting about Glastonbury's claims on Arthur and the Grail. Tradition has it that Joseph of Arimathea brought Christianity, and possibly the Virgin Mother herself, to Britain within a decade of Jesus' death. The first Christian church in the world was then the small circular wattled structure at Glastonbury.
The Celtic Church, which was responsible for bringing culture, indeed one might say even civilization, back to Europe after the fall of Rome, survived at least until the eighth century. It survived even longer in the wilds of Ireland and Scotland. We find Robert the Bruce being crowned by a Culdee bishop as late as the early fourteenth century.
Glastonbury functioned as if it were a school, or spiritual center of some sort. Its place was high on the list of Celtic Church pilgrimages and from the earliest times was associated with the Virgin Mother. Arthur was associated at an early era by his adoption of the image of the Virgin as a personal banner. (See Gildas and Geoffrey of Monmouth). If Arthur has an actual historical focus, it is the late 400's, just after the last legions were recalled to Rome and before the overwhelming wave of Saxon invasions in the early 500's. Arthur at this point is a "Restitutor" or rescuer of Roman civilization. His choice of the Virgin, rather than the crucifix of Rome, indicates that along with restoring the Empire, Arthur intended to change the focus away from apostolic Catholicism toward the more inspiration oriented Celtic Church. That he failed is perhaps the great tragedy of the Dark Ages.
At any rate, it is not hard to see the glimmers of this earlier and more spiritual form of Christianity as the undercurrent of ideas that emerged as Chretien's "graal." The connection is never made directly, accept in the later romances, but the Matter of Britain was basically a front for the Celtic Church. In this seemingly secular form, the spiritual motiffs of a truly gnostic Christianity emerged in the intellectual current of the age. The Roman Church neither encouraged nor discouraged the Grail Romances, even though it was obvious that an earlier and possibly heretical form of Christianity was being represented. As we shall see, the Church was not above persecuting heretics, but there was absolutely no attempt to discredit the Grail stories.
Perhaps the reason for this is that even the Roman Church found it hard not to believe that the origins of the Celtic Church went back to the very family of Christ. "Royal Blood," indeed.
Around 1200, Robert de Borron, following the popularity of the continuations of Chretein, produced Joseph of Arimathea, the prequel to the series the ties it all very neatly into the Celtic Church. He reveals the themes of a hidden or inner teaching given to Joseph after Christ's resurrection. These teachings appear to center around the Grail, here called a Chalice, and consitute the heart of the "mysteries." Mention is also made of a journey westward, to the "Vale of Avaron (Avalon?)" and provision is made for the future hero, Percival, who will fulfill the Quest.
Clearly, the Grail had a specific significance for those who listened so avidly to these stories of wonder and marvel. The grail's significance is simply its connection with the Holy Family. The Grail suggests in the strongest possible terms that another route to salvation -- one that had nothing to do with the Church of Rome -- was available around the turn of the thirteenth century.
This is most clearly seen in the two most unique of all Grail legends, that of the "Perlesvaus" and Wolfram's Parzival. Wolfram's tale is almost devoid of any mention of the clergy. His Parzival finds grace through knightly prowess in pursuit of a gnostic, or experiential faith. His Grail is the stone that fell from heaven. This "stone" would eventually become, over the centuries, the philosopher's stone of the alchemist. The "Perlesvaus" ties the matter to Glastonbury and may even have been written there shortly after the discovery of Arthur's Tomb. This story differs somewhat from other Grail legends, but its connection with the megalithic zodiac around Glasonbury, which Katherine Maltwood identified in the 1930's from a close reading of the "Perlesvaus," suggests the area's older connection with the gateway to Anwen, the Celtic underworld where the original cauldron of Bran was hidden. There is even an ancient Welsh poem about Arthur's trip to Anwen to capture the cauldron.
The pattern is clear. Around the turn of the thirteenth century, the Grail Romances offered a direct challenge to the authority of Rome, one that Rome could not answer for fear of exposing her own shaky position. Innocent III felt strong enough, after the fall of Constantinople, to turn the iron grip of Christian chivalry on the most exposed and concentrated group of heretics hoping to quiet the lot of them. Indeed, the fear and horror of the Cathar Crusade did put the fear of the Pope back into the hearts of Christians everywhere. And if the Celtic heresy could not be brought to the sword directly, then the land of England could be put under interdiction, a terrible form of religious coercion in which the church effectively goes on strike. It will not marry or bury or hold services while under interdiction. Innocent III, for good measure, also excommunicated King John. All of this was resolved by England becoming a Papal Fief for a few years. The Celtic Church gradually faded away over the next century.
The image of the Grail, though, did not fade away. The Matter of Britain still retained its popularity, though without the spiritual overtones. The spiritual current went underground, surfacing in the Renaissance, and then again in the Rosecrucians, and again in the nineteenth century.
One of the few intellectual movements to preserve something of the traditions of the earth within Christendom was the Hermetic movement, supposedly inspired by the writings of an unknown author or authors known collectively as Hermes Trismegistus, but in fact dependent upon Taoist forms of alchemy imported from China. Although not overtly erotic, the Hermetic tradition preserved the notion that the secrets of spiritual transformation are to be found here, in this earth, in the metals and chemicals, with which the smiths and metallurgists work. Couched in the most secret language, the Hermetic writings affirm that there is a decided and mysterious synchronicity between what happens in the material world and what happens in the inner self.
The Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz combines this theme with definite but esoteric erotic ideas. Everything points ultimately to the reconciliation of opposites, to the Great Marriage of the cosmic King and Queen.
When we find ourselves in that moment of transcendental magic where we discover our myth, how and where it intersects, and how it applies and changes our lives we are transported into the realm of unlimited possibilities, where we are The Lady of the Lake, or Lancelot, or Maid Marian, Arthur, Mary of Magdala drying Her Lords feet with her hair, we have found Gate and Key that opens the door to what is hidden in the core of our being. The core that makes of us Children of God. When we find the pattern of life laid out before us we are able to transend the mundane and bring the divine down and within our hearts we combine them and we are transformed, and in that moment we transform all humanity. Myths and Story are the Keys that lead us into the wilderness, they guide us out of sleep and wake us in the land of Faery.
We then bring the lessons back to inspire the poetry, music, literature of our race. We are then the pathfinders that lead the next generation on to greater illumination. When the time has come and we remain while the Knights ride off listening to those of us who have come back from the Lands Adventurous and we take our turn at the hearth, we become the Storytellers, The inspirerers for the next questors. We become the depository of the Wisdom of the Quest for the Grail. We must therefore listen to our guides and teachers, but always the Myth itself leads us ever onward. Always the Myth calls us heart and soul.
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